2083. Ma’amla faskh karne ke haq ko “khayaar” kahte hain aur khareedaar aur bechne wala 11 suuraton mein ma’amla faskh kar sakta hai:
(1) Jis majlis mein ma’amla hua hai woh barkhast nahuee ho, agarche sauda ho chuuka ho, oose “khayaar majlis” kahte hain.
(2) Khareed o farokht ke ma’amle mein khareedaar ya bechne wala naiz dusre ma’amlaat mein tarfeen mein se koi ek maghboon ho jaye, oose “khayaar ghain” kahte hai (maghboon se muraad woh shakhs hai jis ke saath fraud kiya gaya ho) khayaar ki iis qism ka mansha a’rf a’am mein shart aartkaazi hota hai y’ani har ma’amle mein rafqeen ke zehan mein yeh shart maujood hoti hai keh jo maal hasil kar raha hai oos ki qimat maal se bahut zayada kam nahin khawah adaa kar raha hai aur agar oos ki qimat kam ho to woh ma’amle ko khatm karne ka haq rakhta hai. Laikin a’rf khaas ki chand suurraton mein artkaazi shart dusri tarah ho maslan yeh shart ho keh agar jo maal ho woh balehaaz qimat oos maal se kam ho jo oos ne diya hai to dono (maal) ke dirmiyaan jo kami beshii hogi oos ka mutaleba kar sakta hai aur agar mumkin na ho sake to ma’amle ko khatm kar de. Aur zaruri hai keh iis qism ki suuraton mein a’rf khaas ka khayaal rakha jaye.
(3) Sauda karte vaqt yeh tay kiya jaye keh muqarrar muddat tak fareqeen ko ya kisi ek fareeq ko sauda faskh karne ka ikhtayaar hoga. Ooe “khayaar shart” kahte hain.
(4) Fareqeen mein se ek fareeq apne maal ko oos ki asliyat se behtar bata kar pesh kare jis ki wajah se dasra fareeq oos mein dilchaspi le ya oos ki dilchaspi oos mein badh jaye oose “khayar tadlees” kahte hain.
(5) Fareqeen mein se ek fareeq dusre ke saathyh shart kare keh woh falan kaam anjaam dega aur iis shart par a’mal na ho ya shart kare keh ek makhsus qism ka ma’yyin maal dega aur jo maal diya jaye oos mein woh khasusiyat na ho, iis susrat mein shart lagane wala fareeq ma’amle ko faskh kar sakta hai. Oose “khayaar takhalf shart” kahte hain.
(6) Di jaane waali jins ya oos ke a’uz mein koi a’ib ho. Oose “khayaar a’ib” kahte hain.
(7) Yeh pata chale keh fareqeen ne jis jins ka sauda kiya hai oos ki kuchh miqdaar kisi aur shakhs ka maal hai. Iis suurat mein agar iis miqdaar ka maalik saude par raazi na ho to khareedne wala sauda faskh kar sakta hai ya agar itnii miqdaar ki adayegii kar chuuka ho to oose wapas le sakta hai. Oose “khayaar shirkat” kahte hain.
(8) Jis ma’yyin jins ko dusre fareeq ne na dekha ho agar oos jins ka maalik oose oos ki khasusiyaat bataye aur ba’d mein ma’loom ho keh jo khasusiyaat oos ne batayee thhi woh oos mein nahin hain ya dusre fareeq ne pahle oos jins ko dekha thh aur oos ka khayaal thha keh woh khasusiyaat ab bhi oss mein baaqi hain laikin dekhne ke ba’d ma’loom ho keh woh khasusiyaat ab oos mein baaqi nahin hain to iis suurat mein dusre fareeq ma’amla faskh kar sakta hai. Oose “khayaar rauiyat” kahte hain.
(9) Khareedaar ne jo jins khareedi ho agar o ski qimat teen din tak na de aur bechne waale neb hi woh jins khareedaar ke hawaale na ki ho to bechne wala saude ko khatm kar sakta hai. Laikin aisa oos suurat mein ho sakta hai jab bechne waale ne khareedaar ko qimat adaa karne ki mohlat di ho agarche muddat ma’yyin na ki ho. Agar oos ko bilkul mohlat na di ho to bechne qaala qimat ki adayegii mein ma’mooli si takheer se bhi sauda khatm kar sakta hai. Agar oose teen din se zayada mohlat di ho to muddat poori hone se pahle sauda khatm nahin kar sakta. Aur agar jo jins bechi hai woh aisii sabzian ya phal hon jo teen din se zayada baaqi rahne se zay’e ho jaate hain to oon ki mohlat kam honi chahiye. Oose “khayaar takheer” kahte hain.
(10) Jis shakhs ne koi jaanwar khareeda ho woh teen din tak sauda faskh kar sakta hai aur jo cheez oos ne bechi ho agar oos ke a’[uz mein khareedaar ne jaanwar diya ho to jaanwar bechne wala bhi teen din tak sauda faskh kar sakta hai. Oose “khayaar haiwaan” kahte hain.
(11) Bechne waale ne jo cheez bechi ho agar oos ka qabza na de sake, maslan jo ghoda oos ne bechaa ho woh bhaag gaya ho to oos suurat mein khareedaar sauda faskh kar sakta hai. Oose “khayaar ta’zir tasleem” kahte hain.
Khayaar ki iin tamaam aqsaam ke tafseeli ehkaam aayendah massa’el mein bayaan kiye jayenge.
2084. Agar khareedaar ko jins ki qimat ka ilm na ho ya woh sauda karte vaqt ghaflat barte aur oos cheez ko a’am qimat se mahngaa khareede aur yeh qimat khareedi badi had tak mahngii ho to woh sauda khatm kar sakta hai bashart hai keh sauda khatm karte vaqt jis qadr farq ho woh maujood bhi ho aur agar farq maujood na ho to oos ka haq khayaar mehal ishkaal hai. Neiz agar bechne waale ko jins ki qimat ka ilm na ho ya suada karte vaqt ghaflat barte aur oos jins ko oos ki qimat se sastaa beche aur badi had tak sasta beche to sabqaa shart ke mutabiq sauda khatm kar sakta hai.
2085. Masshroot khareed o farokht mein jab keh misaal ke taur par ek laakh rupayye ka makaan pachaas hazaar rupayyae mein bech diya jaye aur tay kiya jaye keh agar bechne wala muqarrar muddar tak raqam waapas kar de to sauda faskh kar sakta hai to agar khareedaar aur bechne wala haqiqatan khareed o faorkht ki niyyat rakhte hon to sauda sahi hai.
2086. Masshrut khareed o farokht mein agar bechne waale ko itminaan ho keh khareedaar muqarrar muddat mein raqam adaa na kar sakne ki suurat mein maal waapas kar degaa to sauda sahi hai. Laikin agar woh muddat khatm hone tak raqam adaa na kar sake to woh khareedaar se maal ki waapasi ka mutaleba karne ka haq nahin rakhta aur agar khareedaar mar jaye to oose ke wirsa se maal ki waapasi ka mutaleba nahin kar sakta.
2087. Agar koi shakhs umdah chaye mein ghatia chaye ki milaawat kar ke umdah chaye ki taur par beche to khareedaar sauda faskh kar sakta hai.
2088. Agar khareedaat ko pata chale keh jo ma’yyin maal oos ne khareeda hai woh a’ibdaar hai, maslan ek jaanwar khareede aur (khareedne ke ba’d) oose pata chale keh oos ki ek aankh nahin hai lehaaza agar yeh a’ib maal mein saude se pahle thha aur oose ilm nahin thha to woh sauda faskh kar sakta hai aur maal bechne waale waapas kar sakta hai. Aur agar waapas karna moonkin na ho maslan oos maal mein koi tabdeeli ho gayee ho jaise koi naya a’ib paida ho gaya ho ya aisa tasarruf kar liya gaya ho jo waapasi mein rukaawat ban raha ho maslan oos maal ko farokht kar diya ho ya kiraye par de diya ho ya keeda kaat gaya ho joya sii diya ho to oos suuraton mein woh be a’ib aur a’ibdaar maal ki qimat ke farq ka hisaab kar ke bechne waale se farq ki raqam waapas le le. Maslan agar oos ne koi maal chaar rupayye mein khareeda ho aur oose oos maal ke a’ib daar hone ka ilm ho jaye to agar aisa hi bea’ib maal (bazaar mein) aathh rupayye ka aur a’ibdaar chhe rupayye ka ho to choonakeh bea’ibdaar ki qimat ka farq ek chawthhayee hai iis liye oos ne jitni raqam di hai oos ka ek chawthhaee y’ani ek rypayya bechne waale se waapas le sakta hai.
2089. Agar bechne waale ko pata chale keh oos ne jis ma’yyin a’uz ke badle apna maal becha hai oos mein a’ib hai to agar woh a’ib iis a’uz mein saude se pahle maujood thha aur oose ilm na hua ho to woh sauda faskh kar sakta hai aur woh a’uz oos ke maalik ko waapas kar sakta hai. Laikin agar tabdeeli ya tasarruf ki wajah se waapas na kar sake to bea’ib aur a’ibdaar ki qimat ka farq oos qa’ede ke mutabiq le sakta hai jis ka zikr sabqa massle mein kiya gaya hai.
2090. Agar sauda karne ke ba’d aur qabza dene se pahle maal mein koi a’ib paida ho jaye to khareedaar sauda faskha kar sakta hai neiz jo cheez maal ke a’uz di jaye agar oos mein sauda karne ke ba’d aur qabza dene se pahle koi a’ib paida ho jaye to bechne wala sauda faskh kar sakta hai aur agar fareqeen qimat ka farq lenaa chaahe to sauda tay na hone ki suurat mein cheez ko lautana jayez hai.
2091. Agar kisi shakhs ko maal ke a’ib ka ilm sauda karne ke ba’d ho to agar woh (sauda khatm karna) chaahe to zaruri hai keh fauran dause ko khatm kar de aur – ikhtelaaf ki suuraton ko pesh nazr rakhte huye – agar ma’mooli se zayada takheer kare to woh saude ko khatm kar sakta hai.
2092. Jab kisi shakhs ko koi cheez khareedne ke ba’d oos ke a’ib to khawah bechne wala oos par tayyar na bhi ho to khareedaar sauda faskh kar sakta hai aur dusre khayaaraat ke liye bhi yahi hukm hai.
2093. Do suuraton mein khareedaar maal mein a’ib hone ki bina par sauda faskh nahin kar sakta aur na hi qimat ka farq le sakta hai:
2094. Agar khareedaar ko ma’loom ho keh maal mein ek a’ib hai aur oose vasool karne ke ba’d oos mein koi aur a’ib nikal aaye to woh sauda faskh nahin kar sakta. Laikin be a’ib aur a’ibdaar maal ka farq le sakta hai. Laikin agar woh a’ibdaar haiwaan khareede aur khayaar ki muddat jo keh teen din hai guzarne se pahle oos haiwaan mein kisi aur a’ib ka pata chal jaye to go khareedaar ne oose apni tehveel mein le liye ho phir woh oose waapas kar sakta hai. Neiz agar faqt khareedaar ko kuchh muddat tak sauda faskh karne ka haq haasil ho aur oos muddat ke dauraan maal mein koi dasra a’ib nikal aaye to agarche khareedaar new o maal apni tehveel mein le liye ho to bhi sauda faskh kar sakta hai.
2095. Agar kisi shakhs ke paas aisa maal ho jise oos ne bachasm khud na dekha ho aur kisi dusre shakhs ne maal ki khasusiyaat oose batayee hon aur wahi khasusiyaat khareedaar ko bataye aur woh maal oos ke haathh bech de aur farokht karne ke ba’d maalik ko pata chale keh woh maal oos se behtar khasusaiyaat ka hasil hai to woh sauda faskh kar sakta hai.
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